Resumo O neonatologista é frequentemente o primeiro clínico a confrontar-se com condições genéticas não diagnosticadas no período pré-natal. Os avanços tecnológicos no campo da genética nas últimas décadas trouxeram possibilidades nunca antes imaginadas. Distantes estão os tempos em que pouco mais poderia ser oferecido aos doentes do que um cariótipo de sangue periférico. Metodologias mais recentes, como hibridização genómica comparativa ou sequenciação de Sanger e sequenciação de nova geração, permitem analisar mais detalhadamente o genoma humano, quer ao nível dos grandes rearranjos (deleções, duplicações), quer de variantes pontuais potencialmente patogénicas. Estas tecnologias de ponta têm sido úteis na descoberta de genes implicados em doenças há muito entendidas como de origem genética, mas cuja etiologia permanecia desconhecida. Apesar dos bons presságios, nenhum método é autossuficiente e todos apresentam as suas limitações. O objetivo desta revisão é atualizar os clínicos sobre os testes genéticos atualmente disponíveis e utilizados. Recordando que o primeiro genoma humano foi sequenciado há pouco mais de vinte anos, que novidades trarão os próximos vinte?

Abstract The neonatologist is often the first clinician to identify genetic disorders without prenatal diagnosis. Technological advances in genetics over the past few decades have opened up possibilities never before imagined. Gone are the days when we could offer our patients little more than a peripheral blood karyotype. Newer methods, such as comparative genomic hybridization or Sanger sequencing and next-generation sequencing, allow a more detailed analysis of the human genome, both at the level of large rearrangements (deletions, duplications) and potentially pathogenic point variants. High-tech technologies have been useful in uncovering genes involved in diseases that have long been known to have a genetic origin, but whose etiology has remained elusive. Despite the promise of these technologies, no method is self-sufficient, and all have limitations. The aim of this review is to update clinicians on the genetic tests that are currently available and in use. Given that the first human genome was sequenced just over twenty years ago, what news will the next twenty years bring?

Abstract Portugal recently implemented a pilot project to screen for Sickle Cell Disease during national newborn screening. This project started in Lisbon and Tagus Valley region, where there is a higher frequency of African descendants. With the expansion of this screening to the rest of the country, a question arises: how to deal with cases of Sickle Cell Trait?

Resumo Portugal implementou recentemente um projeto para a inclusão da Drepanocitose nas patologias rastreadas no âmbito do Programa Nacional de Rastreio Neonatal. Numa fase inicial, este projeto limitou-se aos habitantes da região de Lisboa e Vale do Tejo, onde residem em maior número os indivíduos de ascendência africana em solo português. No entanto, considerando que este rastreio foi, entretanto, alargado ao restante território nacional, uma questão se levanta: como lidar com os resultados dos portadores de traço falciforme?

ABSTRACT The growth in the number of molecular sequences produced in recent years has provided valuable contributions to the knowledge diversity of red algae (Rhodophyta) in Brazil. However, many works indicate that there is still much to be studied. Here, we highlight the importance of compiling all these data to evidence possible taxonomic and geographic knowledge gaps in red algae through molecular data. So, this study presents a scientometric analysis of the molecular studies carried out on red algae in Brazil, based on the analysis of DNA sequences available in the public database GenBank. Our results demonstrated an increase in published papers from 1994 to 2020, corresponding to 165 studies analyzed. A huge disparity in the production of knowledge was observed, with the southeastern region concentrating the researchers responsible for most of the published studies, with emphasis on those in the University of São Paulo (USP). Bahia and São Paulo states stand out with the highest observed taxonomic richness, respectively. We also could identify the taxonomic groups with more molecular data generated, the sequence number deposited per institution since 1994, the main markers used, the regions that require a greater collection effort, and where the researchers who study red algae in the country are.

Abstract Measurements of the marine carbonate system on tropical and subtropical continental margins are poorly distributed in space and time, with many uncertainties persisting regarding the role of carbon exchanges at the ocean-atmosphere interface in these areas. To calculate sea-to-air CO 2 fluxes in Marine Ecoregions along the Brazilian continental margin (4°N to 34°S), we used data from the Surface Ocean CO 2 Atlas (SOCAT v2020), collected up to 400 km from the coast, at the surface (5 m), between 1991 and 2018, with the aim of investigating the role of ecoregions as potential sinks or sources of atmospheric CO 2. The temperature and salinity of seawater presented variability in the north-south direction mainly because of the broad latitudinal range, reflecting typical patterns of tropical (T = 27.4°C ±1.49; S = 36.4 ±1.91) and subtropical waters (T = 22.8°C ±3.41; S = 35 ±2.91), in addition to the greater or lesser influence of river inputs in each ecoregion. The pCO 2 values in the surface waters varied from 121.81 (Amazon) to 478.92 μatm (Eastern), differing significantly between ecoregions and showing an expected decadal increasing trend, both in the atmosphere and in the seawater. The calculated values of CO 2 fluxes showed non-homogeneous spatio-temporal variations, from -24.37 mmol m-2 d-1 (Rio Grande) to 9.87 mmol m- 2 d-1 (Southeastern). Throughout the analyzed time series, we observed that the Northeast, Amazon and Eastern ecoregions acted predominantly as sources of CO 2 and the Southeastern ecoregions and, mainly, Rio Grande, acted predominantly as sinks of atmospheric CO 2.

RESUMO O artigo, em forma de ensaio, defende que as ameaças de vulnerabilização mais recentes contra os povos indígenas, intensificadas no contexto da pandemia de Covid-19, refletem um colonialismo persistente. Este se atualiza no contexto da inserção semiperiférica do Brasil no sistema-mundo capitalista, neoliberal e globalizado como exportador de commodities produzidas pelos dois setores estratégicos do neoextrativismo, a mineração e o agronegócio. O modelo neoextrativista beneficia principalmente grupos transnacionais e elites nacionais com grande poder econômico e político, além do próprio setor financeiro. Além disso, estabelece conexões com o submundo dos circuitos inferiores e ilegais vinculados a setores como o garimpo, e incluem desde práticas de violência até a lavagem de dinheiro com a participação de grupos locais que, nos últimos tempos, vêm assumindo crescente poder político e institucional. Tais grupos fazem parte do complexo mosaico do fortalecimento de ideologias de extrema-direita nos últimos anos no cenário nacional, que vêm reunindo alianças. O artigo tem por base experiências de pesquisa colaborativa nos últimos anos com o povo Munduruku na região do Médio Tapajós, com reflexões sobre a atual expansão de agenda política anti-indígena.

ABSTRACT This essay argues that the most recent threats of vulnerability against indigenous peoples, intensified in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, reflect a persistent colonialism. This is updated in the context of Brazil’s semi-peripheral insertion into the capitalist, neoliberal, and globalized world-system as an exporter of commodities produced by the two strategic sectors of neo-extractivism, mining and agribusiness. The neo-extractivist model benefits mainly transnational groups and national elites with great economic and political power, in addition to the financial sector. Moreover, it establishes connections with the underworld of inferior and illegal circuits linked to sectors such as mining, and ranges from practices of violence to money laundering with the participation of local groups that, in recent times, have been assuming growing political and institutional power. Such groups are part of the complex mosaic of the strengthening of far-right ideologies in recent years on the national scene, which have been gathering alliances. This essay is based on collaborative research experiences in recent years with the Munduruku people in the Middle Tapajós region, along with reflections on the current expansion of the anti-indigenous political agenda.

RESUMO O artigo, em forma de ensaio, defende que as ameaças de vulnerabilização mais recentes contra os povos indígenas, intensificadas no contexto da pandemia de Covid-19, refletem um colonialismo persistente. Este se atualiza no contexto da inserção semiperiférica do Brasil no sistema-mundo capitalista, neoliberal e globalizado como exportador de commodities produzidas pelos dois setores estratégicos do neoextrativismo, a mineração e o agronegócio. O modelo neoextrativista beneficia principalmente grupos transnacionais e elites nacionais com grande poder econômico e político, além do próprio setor financeiro. Além disso, estabelece conexões com o submundo dos circuitos inferiores e ilegais vinculados a setores como o garimpo, e incluem desde práticas de violência até a lavagem de dinheiro com a participação de grupos locais que, nos últimos tempos, vêm assumindo crescente poder político e institucional. Tais grupos fazem parte do complexo mosaico do fortalecimento de ideologias de extrema-direita nos últimos anos no cenário nacional, que vêm reunindo alianças. O artigo tem por base experiências de pesquisa colaborativa nos últimos anos com o povo Munduruku na região do Médio Tapajós, com reflexões sobre a atual expansão de agenda política anti-indígena.

ABSTRACT This essay argues that the most recent threats of vulnerability against indigenous peoples, intensified in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, reflect a persistent colonialism. This is updated in the context of Brazil’s semi-peripheral insertion into the capitalist, neoliberal, and globalized world-system as an exporter of commodities produced by the two strategic sectors of neo-extractivism, mining and agribusiness. The neo-extractivist model benefits mainly transnational groups and national elites with great economic and political power, in addition to the financial sector. Moreover, it establishes connections with the underworld of inferior and illegal circuits linked to sectors such as mining, and ranges from practices of violence to money laundering with the participation of local groups that, in recent times, have been assuming growing political and institutional power. Such groups are part of the complex mosaic of the strengthening of far-right ideologies in recent years on the national scene, which have been gathering alliances. This essay is based on collaborative research experiences in recent years with the Munduruku people in the Middle Tapajós region, along with reflections on the current expansion of the anti-indigenous political agenda.

Este artigo objetiva discutir o uso da categoria Reprodução Social, proposta por Juan Samaja, na análise sobre condições de vida e de saúde em um contexto de uma unidade de conservação ambiental da Amazônia brasileira. Trata-se de um estudo de abordagem compreensiva sobre os processos da reprodução social que integram a rede de determinação hierarquicamente organizada por meio da análise de interações sociais dos acontecimentos narrados e observáveis, aplicados a matriz de dados. A Reprodução Ecológica da vida na floresta dos ribeirinhos é expressa negativamente na vida biocomunal, pois as estratégias de ação propiciadas pelas Reproduções Política, Econômica e Cultural, ou seja, as ações da política ambiental, não valorizam o modo de vida local. O deficitário acesso aos bens e serviços sociais, incluindo a atenção à saúde, provenientes das Reproduções Política e Tecnoeconômica, repercutem na base material da Reprodução Biocomunal, cujo desfecho são elevadas frequências de queixas de doença e de acidentes de trabalho, como gastroenterites infecciosas, malária, tuberculose, hanseníase e intoxicação por animais peçonhentos. Garantir o acesso aos bens e serviços sociais, em especial à saúde, são imprescindíveis para uma maior resiliência às adversidades da floresta. Conclui-se, então, que a matriz de dados da Reprodução Social possibilitou compreender os processos da reprodução social que integram a rede de determinação hierarquicamente organizada, cujas interações modelaram as condições de vida e de saúde dos ribeirinhos.

This article aims to discuss the use of Social Reproduction, proposed by Juan Samaja, in the analysis of living and health conditions in a context of an sustanaible development reserve in the Brazilian Amazon. This study uses a comprehensive approach to Social Reproduction processes that comprise the network of hierarchically organized structures using the analysis of social interactions of narrated and observable events, applied to the data matrix. The Ecological Reproduction of life in the riverside forest is negatively expressed in bio-communal life, as the strategic actions provided by the Political, Economic and Cultural Reproductions, that is, the environmental policy actions, do not value the local way of life. The deficient access to social goods and services, including health care, from the Political and Techno-Economic Reproductions, has an impact on the material basis of the Bio-Communal Reproduction, whose outcome is high frequency of disease complaints and workplace accidents, such as infectious gastroenteritis, malaria, tuberculosis, leprosy, and poisoning by venomous animals. Ensuring access to social goods and services, in particular health care, is essential for improving resilience to the forest adversities. In conclusion, the social reproduction data matrix helped understand the processes of Social Reproduction that are part of the hierarchically organized structures, whose interactions shaped the living and health conditions of the riverside population analyzed in this study.

Este artículo tiene como objetivo discutir el uso de la categoría Reproducción Social, propuesta por Juan Samaja, en el análisis sobre condiciones de vida y de salud en un contexto de una unidad de conservación ambiental de la Amazonía brasileña. Se trata de un estudio de enfoque integral sobre los procesos de la reproducción social que integran la red de determinación jerárquicamente organizada por medio del análisis de interacciones sociales de los acontecimientos narrados y observables, aplicados a la matriz de datos. La Reproducción Ecológica de la vida en los bosques ribereños es expresada negativamente en la vida biocomunal, pues las estrategias de acción propiciadas por las Reproducciones Política, Económica y Cultural, es decir, las acciones de la política ambiental, no valoran el modo de vida local. El deficiente acceso a los bienes y servicios sociales, incluida la atención a la salud, procedentes de las Reproducciones Política y Tecnoeconómica, repercuten en la base material de la Reproducción Biocomunal, cuyo desenlace son elevadas frecuencias de quejas de enfermedad y de accidentes de trabajo, como gastroenteritis infecciosas, malaria, tuberculosis, lepra e intoxicación por animales venenosos. Garantizar el acceso a los bienes y servicios sociales, especialmente la atención a la salud, es esencial para una mayor resistencia a las adversidades del bosque. Se concluye, entonces, que la matriz de datos de la Reproducción Social permitió comprender los procesos de la reproducción social que integran la red de determinación jerárquicamente organizada, cuyas interacciones modelaron las condiciones de vida y salud de los ribereños.

This article aims to discuss the use of Social Reproduction, proposed by Juan Samaja, in the analysis of living and health conditions in a context of an sustanaible development reserve in the Brazilian Amazon. This study uses a comprehensive approach to Social Reproduction processes that comprise the network of hierarchically organized structures using the analysis of social interactions of narrated and observable events, applied to the data matrix. The Ecological Reproduction of life in the riverside forest is negatively expressed in bio-communal life, as the strategic actions provided by the Political, Economic and Cultural Reproductions, that is, the environmental policy actions, do not value the local way of life. The deficient access to social goods and services, including health care, from the Political and Techno-Economic Reproductions, has an impact on the material basis of the Bio-Communal Reproduction, whose outcome is high frequency of disease complaints and workplace accidents, such as infectious gastroenteritis, malaria, tuberculosis, leprosy, and poisoning by venomous animals. Ensuring access to social goods and services, in particular health care, is essential for improving resilience to the forest adversities. In conclusion, the social reproduction data matrix helped understand the processes of Social Reproduction that are part of the hierarchically organized structures, whose interactions shaped the living and health conditions of the riverside population analyzed in this study.

Este artigo objetiva discutir o uso da categoria Reprodução Social, proposta por Juan Samaja, na análise sobre condições de vida e de saúde em um contexto de uma unidade de conservação ambiental da Amazônia brasileira. Trata-se de um estudo de abordagem compreensiva sobre os processos da reprodução social que integram a rede de determinação hierarquicamente organizada por meio da análise de interações sociais dos acontecimentos narrados e observáveis, aplicados a matriz de dados. A Reprodução Ecológica da vida na floresta dos ribeirinhos é expressa negativamente na vida biocomunal, pois as estratégias de ação propiciadas pelas Reproduções Política, Econômica e Cultural, ou seja, as ações da política ambiental, não valorizam o modo de vida local. O deficitário acesso aos bens e serviços sociais, incluindo a atenção à saúde, provenientes das Reproduções Política e Tecnoeconômica, repercutem na base material da Reprodução Biocomunal, cujo desfecho são elevadas frequências de queixas de doença e de acidentes de trabalho, como gastroenterites infecciosas, malária, tuberculose, hanseníase e intoxicação por animais peçonhentos. Garantir o acesso aos bens e serviços sociais, em especial à saúde, são imprescindíveis para uma maior resiliência às adversidades da floresta. Conclui-se, então, que a matriz de dados da Reprodução Social possibilitou compreender os processos da reprodução social que integram a rede de determinação hierarquicamente organizada, cujas interações modelaram as condições de vida e de saúde dos ribeirinhos.

Este artículo tiene como objetivo discutir el uso de la categoría Reproducción Social, propuesta por Juan Samaja, en el análisis sobre condiciones de vida y de salud en un contexto de una unidad de conservación ambiental de la Amazonía brasileña. Se trata de un estudio de enfoque integral sobre los procesos de la reproducción social que integran la red de determinación jerárquicamente organizada por medio del análisis de interacciones sociales de los acontecimientos narrados y observables, aplicados a la matriz de datos. La Reproducción Ecológica de la vida en los bosques ribereños es expresada negativamente en la vida biocomunal, pues las estrategias de acción propiciadas por las Reproducciones Política, Económica y Cultural, es decir, las acciones de la política ambiental, no valoran el modo de vida local. El deficiente acceso a los bienes y servicios sociales, incluida la atención a la salud, procedentes de las Reproducciones Política y Tecnoeconómica, repercuten en la base material de la Reproducción Biocomunal, cuyo desenlace son elevadas frecuencias de quejas de enfermedad y de accidentes de trabajo, como gastroenteritis infecciosas, malaria, tuberculosis, lepra e intoxicación por animales venenosos. Garantizar el acceso a los bienes y servicios sociales, especialmente la atención a la salud, es esencial para una mayor resistencia a las adversidades del bosque. Se concluye, entonces, que la matriz de datos de la Reproducción Social permitió comprender los procesos de la reproducción social que integran la red de determinación jerárquicamente organizada, cuyas interacciones modelaron las condiciones de vida y salud de los ribereños.

Resumo Eschweilera tetrapetala é uma árvore endêmica das Florestas Sazonais Submontanas (SSF) da Chapada Diamantina, remanescentes de floresta Atlântica, Brasil. Os efeitos das mudanças climáticas no padrão de distribuição espacial dessa espécie foram investigados para identificar áreas prioritárias de conservação. Os padrões de distribuição e as densidades populacionais foram obtidos por amostragem de indivíduos em dez transectos de 200 x 10 m e trinta parcelas adicionais de 10 x 10 m situadas em borda e interior de uma área da SSF. Esses dados de ocorrência foram submetidos à Modelagem de Nicho Ecológico usando os algoritmos Bioclim, Maxent e Support Vector Machine. O modelo previsto para sua distribuição atual, usando os algoritmos Bioclim, Maxent e Support Vector Machine (SVM), evidenciou áreas de forte adequabilidade ambiental a leste da Serra do Sincorá. Os modelos determinaram expansão da área de adequabilidade ambiental durante o Holoceno Médio, retração no presente e maiores reduções previstas em cenários futuros. O número de indivíduos nas parcelas variou de zero a 14, indicando distribuição agregada. O índice de Morisita indicou distribuição aleatória ao longo da borda da floresta, mas agregada no interior da floresta. Eschweilera tetrapetala é sensível às mudanças climáticas e pressão antropogênica, em escalas regional e local.

Abstract Eschweilera tetrapetala is a tree endemic to Submontane Seasonal Forests in inland Atlantic forest areas of the Chapada Diamantina Mountains, Northeastern Brazil. The effects of climate change on the spatial distribution pattern of that species were investigated to identify priority areas for its conservation. Distribution patterns and population densities were obtained by sampling individuals in ten 200 x 10 m transects, and in thirty additional 10 x 10 m border and interior forest plots. The occurrence data were subjected to Ecological Niche Modelling using Bioclim, Maxent, and Support Vector Machine algorithms. The predicted model for the current distribution of E. tetrapetala, using the Bioclim, Maxent, and Support Vector Machine algorithms, evidenced stable areas of strong environmental suitability in the east of the Chapada Diamantina. The models also show an expansion of areas with environmental suitability during the Mid-Holocene, with retraction in the present and greater reductions predicted in future global warming scenarios. The number of individuals in the plots varied from zero to 14, indicating an aggregated distribution. Morisita’s index indicated a random distribution along a forest edge but aggregated in the forest interior. Eschweilera tetrapetala is sensitive to climatic change and anthropogenic pressure, at both regional and local scales.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate variations in the composition and abundance of the phytoplankton community after an exceptional harmful bloom of Akashiwo sanguinea that occurred in Todos os Santos Bay (BTS) in early March, 2007. Samples were collected every ten days, between April, 2007 and March, 2008, from the estuarine gradient of the Paraguaçu River to BTS. The physical and chemical variables were measured in situ using a multiparameter sensor. Water samples were collected for analysis of the dissolved inorganic nutrient concentrations and for the study of composition and abundance of the microphytoplankton. Overall, 135 taxa were identified, with a higher richness of diatoms. The total cell density ranged from 2.92 × 103 to 1.16 × 107 (5.47 × 105 ± 1.69 × 106) cells L−1, with higher values in the freshwater zone than in the marine area. Five species showed peaks of abundance throughout the study, forming small blooms. Four of these blooms occurred in the rainy season, formed by the species Guinardia striata (April, 2007), Scrippsiella cf. acuminata (August, 2007), Euglena gracilis (August, 2007), and Skeletonema cf. costatum (September, 2007), while a new bloom of the species Akashiwo sanguinea occurred during the dry season (December, 2007). The environment was typically oligotrophic, with low spatiotemporal variation in the concentrations of dissolved nutrients. Even so, we observed short-term variations in the structure and composition of the phytoplankton community, demonstrated by rapid bloom events, followed by an increase in the total abundance of microphytoplankton, especially during the rainy season. The blooms did not cause any notable changes in the water column and did not present any harmful effects on the system.

ABSTRACT Hypnea pseudomusciformis was recently described from South America, and has three morphological variants: “musciformis”, “nigrescens”, and “valentiae”. Information on the biology of these variants may help to explain this species’ wide morphological variation despite the absence of genetic divergence among variants. More morphological and ecological data has accumulated on the “musciformis” variant occurring on the Brazilian coast than for the others. In this study, we described the reproductive morphology of a tropical “nigrescens” population and investigated its phenology to provide crucial biological information about this taxon, and perhaps also assist in answering questions about the systematics of H. pseudomusciformis variants. The population analyzed showed no significant fluctuations in its total biomass throughout the year. All reproductive stages were frequently recorded during this study, which contributes greatly to our knowledge of the reproductive morphology of the “nigrescens” variant. Phenological variations were correlated with environment variables, such as air and sea-surface temperatures, insolation, precipitation, and humidity. Male gametophytes were frequently present, which has never been reported for the “musciformis” variant. We showed that, despite being members of the same genetic species, the “nigrescens” and “musciformis” morphological variants exhibit remarkable differences in their ecology and biology.

Resumo O modelo de desenvolvimento brasileiro, fortemente baseado na produção de commodities e em indústrias eletrointensivas para trocas nos mercados globais, gera desigualdades sociais e ambientais que desencadeiam diversos conflitos entre povos indígenas e grupos econômicos envolvendo disputas por terra e bens comuns em contextos que influenciam fortemente a situação de saúde dessas comunidades. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar um panorama dos conflitos socioambientais envolvendo os povos indígenas brasileiros, suas estratégias para garantir o acesso e a qualidade do Subsistema de Atenção à Saúde Indígena (SASI), e alternativas que eles têm proposto para o enfrentamento dos problemas gerados. Esta análise se baseia em um mapeamento de conflitos ambientais baseado na revisão bibliográfica de fontes secundárias (do movimento indígena ou seus parceiros) que subsidiaram a construção de relatos sobre os conflitos e a análise das narrativas indígenas sobre o território onde vivem e suas lutas. A partir da qual concluímos que as estratégias de luta pela saúde dos povos indígenas brasileiros são influenciadas pelas suas disputas socioambientais e são parte das mobilizações desses povos pelo reconhecimento integral de direitos.

Abstract The Brazilian development model, based on commodities and electro-intensive industries for trade in global markets, generates social and environmental inequalities that trigger various conflicts between indigenous peoples and communities and economic groups involving disputes over territory and common assets in contexts that influence the health situation of these communities. The objective of this paper is to present an overview of environmental conflicts involving the Brazilian indigenous peoples, their strategies to ensure the sustainability and demarcation of their territories and discuss the forms of pressure of the population on this Subsystem of Indigenous Healthcare (SASI) or alternatives they have proposed to tackle the problems generated. This analysis is based on a mapping of environmental conflicts based on the bibliographical revision of secondary sources (by indigenous movements or their partners) that supported the construction of reports on conflicts and analysis of the indigenous narratives about the territory where they live and their struggles. The conclusion drawn is that the health control strategies of Brazilian indigenous peoples are influenced by their socio-environmental disputes and are part of the mobilization of these peoples for the full recognition of their rights.

Resumo O modelo de desenvolvimento brasileiro, fortemente baseado na produção de commodities e em indústrias eletrointensivas para trocas nos mercados globais, gera desigualdades sociais e ambientais que desencadeiam diversos conflitos entre povos indígenas e grupos econômicos envolvendo disputas por terra e bens comuns em contextos que influenciam fortemente a situação de saúde dessas comunidades. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar um panorama dos conflitos socioambientais envolvendo os povos indígenas brasileiros, suas estratégias para garantir o acesso e a qualidade do Subsistema de Atenção à Saúde Indígena (SASI), e alternativas que eles têm proposto para o enfrentamento dos problemas gerados. Esta análise se baseia em um mapeamento de conflitos ambientais baseado na revisão bibliográfica de fontes secundárias (do movimento indígena ou seus parceiros) que subsidiaram a construção de relatos sobre os conflitos e a análise das narrativas indígenas sobre o território onde vivem e suas lutas. A partir da qual concluímos que as estratégias de luta pela saúde dos povos indígenas brasileiros são influenciadas pelas suas disputas socioambientais e são parte das mobilizações desses povos pelo reconhecimento integral de direitos.

Abstract The Brazilian development model, based on commodities and electro-intensive industries for trade in global markets, generates social and environmental inequalities that trigger various conflicts between indigenous peoples and communities and economic groups involving disputes over territory and common assets in contexts that influence the health situation of these communities. The objective of this paper is to present an overview of environmental conflicts involving the Brazilian indigenous peoples, their strategies to ensure the sustainability and demarcation of their territories and discuss the forms of pressure of the population on this Subsystem of Indigenous Healthcare (SASI) or alternatives they have proposed to tackle the problems generated. This analysis is based on a mapping of environmental conflicts based on the bibliographical revision of secondary sources (by indigenous movements or their partners) that supported the construction of reports on conflicts and analysis of the indigenous narratives about the territory where they live and their struggles. The conclusion drawn is that the health control strategies of Brazilian indigenous peoples are influenced by their socio-environmental disputes and are part of the mobilization of these peoples for the full recognition of their rights.

Phosphorus determination in plant materials and foods is important. For accessible inorganic P assessment, solid-liquid extraction (SLE) is required. In this work, a flow-based analytical procedure employing zones penetration approach was developed aiming at the soluble inorganic phosphorus (PI) determination in plants and foods. The analyte was quantified by the spectrophotometric molybdenum blue method. Linear response was observed between 2.0 and 30 mg L-1 PI, and detection limit was estimated at 0.50 mg L-1 PI (99.7% confidence level, n = 20). Determination rate was estimated at 20 h-1 using in-line extraction with 20 mg of sample. Precise timing of the flow system allowed the use of incomplete SLE for the first time prior to PI determination. The online extraction was carried out for 60 s, leading to an extraction efficiency of 65 ± 3% in comparison to batch quantitative extraction. The results obtained by the proposed procedure were in agreement with those obtained with batch extractions (95% confidence level).

Formaldehyde is a carcinogenic compound that was employed as fungicide in the past. Despite its disuse, some foods such as mushrooms naturally produce formaldehyde, showing the importance of its determination. In this work, a mechanized flow system based on solenoid valves is proposed for spectrophotometric formaldehyde determination in mushrooms. The analyte was extracted from fresh and dried mushrooms samples by steam distillation with deionized water in the presence of phosphoric acid. The determination was based on the reaction between formaldehyde and acetylacetone in presence of ammonium acetate (Hantzsch reaction), leading to the formation of 3,5-diacetyl-1,4-dihydrolutidine (DDL, λmax = 412 nm). Linear response from 0.2 to 7.0 mg L-1 was achieved, with detection limit estimated at 0.02 mg L-1 (99.7% confidence level). Coefficient of variation and sample throughput were 1.1% (n = 15) and 17 h-1, respectively. Per determination, 11 mg of acetylacetone and 30 mg of ammonium acetate were consumed, generating 4.2 mL of waste. The procedure was applied to formaldehyde determination in fresh and dried shiitake, and fresh shimeji, and the results agreed with those attained by reference method at the 95% confidence level.